Growing Trends of Electronic Communication free essay sample

| 3. wr print version| | docs| | embed| | Create your own! Improving MUET PERFORMANCE Writing 800/4 Presented by: Mdm. Audrey Koh Sui Ean B. Instruction (TESL) (Honors) UK Writing conveys 30% * second most significant part * Divided into 2 segments * Section 1: Report Writing (40 mins x 40 imprints) * Section 2: Academic Essay (50 mins x 60 imprints) Let’s start with Question 1 Report composing tests comprehension of non-direct boosts (diagrams) and incorporating it into straight structure (arrangement). What’s the Formula for Q1? 1. TITLE (typically found in the inquiry) 2. Presentation Paragraph 1: Introduction (What do the improvements appear? ) Overview (What is the general pattern? ) 1. BODY Paragraph 2-3/4: Key Features (What are the remarkable information from the diagrams? 1. End Last Paragraph: Summary (Mention the principle pattern once more) WR Q1 FORMULA: TITLE I + OV KFs S Useful Vocabulary to portray the FOUR (4) MAIN TRENDS 1) 2) 3) 4) * rise * gain * increment * improve * raise * slant * high/higher/most elevated * more than * most * fall/drop * misfortune * decline * devalue * weaken * decrease * low/lower/most minimal * not exactly * least steady/balance out * consistent * reliable * sporadic * fluctuating * flimsy * conflicting USEFUL ADJECTIVES * slight/consistent/progressive * sharp/steep/extreme * multiplied/significantly increased/quadrupled * record high/record low Let’s Analyze a Sample Question 1 [40 marks] You are encouraged to spend around 40 mins on this errand. You are a lesser columnist composing for a touring publication. You have been approached to compose a short article on the travel industry in Malaysia. Your article ought to incorporate all the data given beneath. You ought to compose between 150 to 200 words. The travel industry in Malaysia I) The upgrades show a reference diagram looking at traveler appearances in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, a table of the best five visitor markets of pay earned from the travel industry in Malaysia and a paper title text on the drop of vacationer appearances. (OV) The general pattern is an abatement of visitor appearances and the travel industry salary in Malaysia. (KF1) According to the reference chart, Malaysia recorded the most elevated traveler appearances in 1999 with in excess of 7 million people yet it at that point dropped to 6 million of every 2001. (KF2) It settled in 2003 and 2005 with an expansion to 7 million visitors. KF3) However, there was a radical drop in 2007 to a little mo re than 5 million guests. (KF4) This caused a sharp loss of pay earned particularly from the main three vacationer advertises in Malaysia. (KF5) Statistics show a precarious abatement of vacationer spending of over 20% for the most part from Taiwan (- 24. 2%), Singapore (- 22. 1%) and Japan (- 22. 0%). (KF6) Based on the paper title text, the fall in visitor appearances is because of obscure viral sicknesses and the dread of cataclysmic events in Malaysia. All in all, the travel industry pattern in Malaysia is on the decay and it is influencing our travel industry pay. Complete Sample Answer Tourism in Malaysia The improvements show a reference chart contrasting vacationer appearances in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, a table of the best five visitor markets of pay earned from the travel industry in Malaysia and a paper title text on the drop of traveler appearances. The general pattern is a reduction of traveler appearances and the travel industry pay in Malaysia. As per the structured presentation, Malaysia recorded the most elevated traveler appearances in 1999 with in excess of 7 million people yet it at that point dropped to 6 million out of 2001. It balanced out in 2003 and 2005 with an expansion to 7 million visitors. Be that as it may, there was an extraordinary drop in 2007 to a little more than 5 million guests. This caused a sharp loss of salary earned particularly from the best three visitor advertises in Malaysia. Measurements show a lofty lessening of vacationer spending of over 20% for the most part from Taiwan (- 24. 2%), Singapore (- 22. 1%) and Japan (- 22. 0%). In light of the feature, the fall in visitor appearances is because of obscure viral sicknesses and dread of catastrophic events in Malaysia. Taking everything into account, the travel industry pattern in Malaysia is on the decrease and it is influencing our travel industry pay. Outline Writing Marking Scheme: Band 6 Band 5 Band 4 Band 3 Band 2 Band 1 Task Fulfillment 20 †18 17 †15 14 †11 10 †7 6 †4 3 †0 Language Organization 20 †18 17 †15 14 †11 10 †7 6 †4 3 †0 TOTAL 40 †34 33 †27 26 †21 20 †14 13 †7 6 †0 Question 2: Academic Essay Students might be given: 1. a perspective, 2. a contention or 3. an issue as the center of the inquiry. Question 2: Academic Essay What do we search for in an exposition: * Quality of Arguments * †intelligent, develop thoughts * Ideas and Evidence * †bolster your focuses * (elaboration models) * Communicative Quality Vocabulary and Sentence Structure Academic Essay Tip No. 1: STEP 1: BRAINSTORM It is imperative to make a rundown of thoughts/primary concerns. You may utilize different strategies to create contention/content: 1. Rundown 2. Brain map 3. Table, and so on. Scholastic Essay Tip No. 2: STEP 2: Organize You MUST write in a scholastic style, 5 passages. 1 . Presentation 2. Body (min x3) 3. End RECOMMENDED ESSAY STRUCTURE FOR MID TO HIGH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS: MODEL 1 RECOMMENDED for BANDS 3 6 1. Presentation ( x 1 section) Introductory Statements Thesis Statement 2. BODY: 3 †5 focuses ( x 3-5 passages) Topic Sentence 1. Bolster 2. Bolster 3. Backing (Concluding sentence) 3. End ( x 1 section ) Closing explanation Restate proposal Final remark Basic rule: 70 words for every passage, I. e. in any event 350 words. MODEL 1 ADVANTAGES * Promotes basic reasoning aptitudes * Room for imagination * Shows off semantic capability DISADVANTAGES * Unfocussed * Danger of leaving point * Difficult for low capability understudies to exceed expectations RECOMMENDED ESSAY STRUCTURE FOR LOW TO MID PROFICIENCY STUDENTS: MODEL 2 RECOMMENDED for BANDS 1 3 Presentation ( x 1 passage, 70 words) 1. Current circumstance (Nowadays,†¦ In today’s time of †¦) 2. Remain (In my sentiment, I think/concur/differ that†¦) 3. Framework (In this article, I will talk about 3 reasons/procedures/recommendations which are ____________, ___________ __________. ) 1ST POINT ( x 1 passage, 70 words) 1. Fundamental Idea (Firstly,†¦ First and foremost,†¦) 2. Reasons (This is because†¦Moreover,†¦) 3. Models (For example,†¦, etc. ) 4. Small scale end (Therefore,†¦) 2ND POINT ( x 1 section, 70 words) 1. Fundamental Idea (Secondly,†¦The second explanation is†¦) 2. Reasons This is expected to†¦In addition,†¦) 3. Models (For instance,†¦ and some more. ) 4. Smaller than usual end (Thus,†¦) 3RD POINT ( x 1 passage, 70 words) 1. Fundamental Idea (Finally,†¦Last yet not least†¦) 2. Reasons (This implies that†¦ Furthermore,†¦) 3. Models (Take for example,†¦ and othe rs. ) 4. Scaled down end (Hence,†¦) CONCLUSION ( x 1 passage, 70 words) 1. Rehash (all in all/more or less, the 3 reasons/methodologies/proposals I have referenced above are†¦) 2. Rehash Stand (In my feeling, I still emphatically accept that†¦) 3. Suggestion (Our administration should†¦/We should†¦) MODEL 2 Focal points * Helps understudies accomplish fundamental capability by giving structures * Boosts certainty and inspiration to compose * Aids in creating and arranging thoughts DISADVANTAGES * Stifles imagination * Repetitive style of composing * Monotonous for analyst to check * May exhaust high flyers Let’s take a gander at an example question: Question 2: Since accomplishing freedom in 1957, Malaysia has been known for its tranquil and multi-racial society. What should be possible to additionally upgrade national solidarity and solidarity among the different races? Expand and give important models in excess of 350 words. st Paragraph Introduction: Nowadays, Malaysia is a main visitor goal since we are renowned for our multi-racial society who live in harmony and amicability. As I would see it, I emphatically concur that national solidarity can be improved to fortify solidarity among all the different races in this nation. In this article, I will examine three strong systems for improving national solidarity which are each individual should be progressively energetic, be deferential of each extraordinary culture and form a group of people yet to come that is open minded and appreciative to be Malaysian. second Paragraph Point 1: As a matter of first importance, each individual can have an impact in improving national unit by being progressively energetic. This is on the grounds that when we are enthusiastic we will value being a Malaysian resident who has the privilege to live a serene and without war life. In addition, having high energy will guarantee that we truly love our nation and we will do nothing to hurt the harmony and congruity. For instance, all of us can regard the ‘Negaraku’ tune and our ‘Rukunegara’, fly our national banner during Independence day, etc. Hence, if everybody has their influence and turns out to be progressively energetic, this will effectively upgrade the soul of national solidarity. rd Paragraph Point 2: Secondly, as steadfast Malaysians, we ought to consistently be conscious of every single culture found in this nation. This is because of the way that regarding the fundamental races like Malays, Chinese and Indians just as the indigenous races will gu arantee that we will keep on living one next to the other in concordance. Likewise, every race that makes up the Malaysian culture is exceptional and ought to be appreciated for its extraordinary conventions and societies. For example, we should visit each other during ‘Open House’ or wedding festivities, strict celebrations and some more. In this way, by regarding the uniqueness of each culture, this causes us advance racial solidarity and upgrade national solidarity . fourth Paragraph Point 3: Last however not least, truancy can be controlled by empowering participation with neighborhood police specialists and the overall population. This implies we can get help from the police as they are the higher authorit

Is aptitude a factor in second language acquisition Essay

Is inclination a factor in second language obtaining - Essay Example Inclination is characterized similar to an inalienable capacity and a limit with regards to discovering that goes past knowledge. It is â€Å"a mix of capacities and different attributes, regardless of whether local or procured, that are characteristic of an individual’s capacity to learn or create capability in some specific territory if proper instruction or preparing is provided†. Inclination is without a doubt a factor in second language securing (SLA). In any case, the significance of fitness is additionally subject to various different components. It is one of the numerous factors which have an impact in deciding the speed and thoroughness where an individual additions familiarity with a subsequent language. Factors, for example, age, training level, inspiration and general insight are additionally central to a person’s capacity to obtain a subsequent language. The reason for this paper is to set up exactly how incredible a job fitness plays in SLA and its relationship to different angles. So as to learn this, I will dissect scholastic takes a shot at the subject, before laying out what these works uncover about the capacity inclination has in picking up familiarity with a subsequent language. In his article, ‘Aptitude and Second Language Acquisition’, Peter Robinson describes second language (L2) learning fitness as â€Å"strengths singular students have †comparative with their populace †in the subjective capacities data preparing draws on during L2 learning and execution in different settings and at various stages†. As per Robinson, neural contrasts, fundamental capacities and SLA forms lie at a ‘subcomputational, physical’ level.

Difference Between Economic Growth and Economic Development Essay Example for Free

Contrast Between Economic Growth and Economic Development Essay Financial Growth is a smaller idea than monetary development.It is an expansion in a countrys genuine degree of national yield which can be brought about by an expansion in the nature of assets (by training and so forth.), increment in the amount of assets enhancements in innovation or in another way an expansion in the estimation of products and ventures created by each division of the economy. Financial Growth can be estimated by an expansion in a countrys GDP (total national output). Financial advancement is a regularizing idea for example it applies with regards to people groups feeling of profound quality (good and bad, great and terrible). The meaning of financial advancement given by Michael Todaro is an expansion in expectations for everyday comforts, improvement in confidence needs and opportunity from abuse just as a more noteworthy decision. The most exact strategy for estimating advancement is the Human Development Index which considers the proficiency rates future which influence profitability and could prompt Economic Growth. It likewise prompts the production of more open doors in the areas of instruction, human services, business and the preservation of the environment.It suggests an expansion in the per capita salary of each resident. Financial Growth doesn't consider the size of the casual economy. The casual economy is otherwise called the dark economy which is unrecorded financial movement. Advancement reduces individuals from low expectations for everyday comforts into appropriate work with reasonable haven. Financial Growth doesn't consider the exhaustion of regular assets which may prompt contamination, blockage sickness. Advancement anyway is worried about manageability which means addressing the necessities of the present without trading off future needs. These ecological impacts are getting to a greater extent an issue for Governments since the weight has expanded on them because of Global warming. Financial development is a vital yet not adequate state of monetary turn of events.

Nike and Reebok an Example by

Nike and Reebok by Expert Prof. Cecil | 13 Dec 2016 Portrayal of the Primary Industry of the section: Need paper test on NikeandReebok point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue Nike and Reebok have a place with the athletic gear industry. They produce sportswear for everyone in both indoor and out entryway sports. They have additionally been creating sport checking hardware and devices. Nike is situated in Oregon, in US. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online)Reebok then again was gained by Adidas by 2006 for $8 billion. Reebok are British based. (Reebok, Online) Current Annual Sales: Before the finish of year 2007, Nike's yearly deal had ascended to $17 billion. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). Only in front of take over by Adidas, Reebok had income of $825 million in the 2005 first quarter. (Reebok Earning, Online). Today, Adidas has income of about $8 billion in the wake of taking over Reebok. Reebok contributed $ 4 billion to these deals. (ESPN, Online). Piece of the pie comparative with its rivals Nike has 37% of the piece of the overall industry and is really the market heads in that fragment. It is trailed by other blend of firms at 29% then Adidas is third with 22%, Puma is fourth with 7% and new equalization is fifth with 6%. (Foot wears worldwide market, Online) Reebok then again takes 8.8% available offer after the securing by Adidas. (Reebok Earnings, Online). Memorable development rate: Trends and attributes identified with the business overall (life cycle stage in industry) This industry has been developing at a diminishing rate. Refering to from 2003 to 2004, the development for sports attire went up by about $7.5 billion which meant over 12%. In the accompanying money related year to 2005, there was a development of under $ 4 billion which meant just 6%. In this way the existence cycle right now is at slack stage. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online).Reebok has had a moderate development rate up to the time it was procured by Adidas. (Reebok Stores, Online) Anticipated development rate By and large, Nike will have a decreased development rate in the all out market. Explicitly Europe will have a diminished development while China has a consistent development that will blast toward 2008 when they have the Beijing Olympics. Nike will support the occasion. Nike has a venture development pace of 7% for the following 10 years. (Foot wears worldwide market, Online). Reebok have a 10 years anticipated development pace of 4.7%. (Fortunes 500, Online). Significant client bunch inside the business (organizations, government, customers and anticipated interest) The pattern for the clients has been a consistent move to the low execution shopper who isn't really associated with sports. The enormous markets have kept on being in US and Europe. For the most part the low entertainers are the most expended at normal 88 - 100% followed by the athletic items at normal 58-87% lastly the style items at normal 0-57%. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). How comparative items are circulated inside the business Over the business for Nike, footwear contributes $7.965 billions, Apparels contribute $ 4.168 billions, Equipment contributes $0.873 billions while different items contribute $ 1.954 billions. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). Deals power choices/media accessible Nike utilizes low promoting methodologies to push the deals up. In 2006, they spent $ 1.74 billion on the total promoting procedures which meant only 11% of its income. Anyway their power for deals lies on very much organized retail framework. Nike has in the past utilized the Beetles tunes, and Chinese subject notices. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). Reebok then again have been dynamic on sponsorships, for example, the NBA and other brandishing capacities. (Reebok Stores, Online) Boundaries to exit to work in this commercial center The boundaries for exit for Nike from this market fragment are the multi billion sponsorship plan and agreements that have been made by the individual game organs and competitors. They are likewise the market heads. (Foot Wear Global Market, Online). The leave obstructions for Reebok are high because of its obtaining by Adidas whom the have become element. (ESPN, 2008.) Full scale - ecological examination The Sociological conditions that sway on Nike are the inclinations for low execution items. This has seen the ascent of interest of ease footwear and attire consistently from the center game rigging. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online) The Technical Conditions that influence Nike are its assembling areas. Nike has the majority of its assembling plants in Asia and particularly in China however that will before long effect on its appropriations details with rising hardened rivalry. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). The specialized conditions that influence Reebok are it current procurement status that implies the board won't be as autonomous as in the past. (ESPN, Online) The financial conditions that face Nike are the rising compensation bill particularly in China which takes too much. This has been going up by over 10% every year. From 2002 to 2005 there was an ascent of over 17% in wage bill. Nike additionally has the second most elevated working edge at 8.8% after Adidas. They spend over 11% of the income in promoting. Nike has 418 super store around the world. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). The Economic conditions that influence Reebok are its diminishing deals because of poor brand situating. (Reebok Stores, Online). The Environmental conditions that influence Nike are its acceptable consistence with item reuse that has earned it a high opening in worldwide evaluations. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). Reebok then again was as of late fined $1million for infringement of Federal Hazardous Substances Act. This was following an import of lead loaded arm bands which are viewed as poisonous. (Condition News Service, Online). The Political Conditions that influence Nike are worries for human right. Nike has been blamed for misuse of workers in Far East, Asia, Mexico. They have likewise been blamed for impairing ladies with a portion of their battle systems in the East Asia. There are likewise claims of youngster work. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online). The political conditions that influence Reebok are the market picture following the procurement by Adidas. (Reebok Stores, Online) Any Cultural Changes that impact Nike and Reebok Both Nike and Reebok has been moving from the social item commercial to VIP advancement styles. They are contracting significant game characters to sell their brands all around. (Foot wear worldwide market, Online) Works Cited ESPN: Adidas purchase of Reebok would help US piece of the pie. Footwear Global Market: Nike Market Share. Accessible at http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Nike_(NKE)#Market_Share . Gotten to on March 21, 2008. Fortunes 500: Reebok. Accessible at http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/depictions/2003/1113.html . Gotten to on March 21, 2008. Reebok Stores: Available at http://store.reebok.com/home/index.jsp Accessed on March 21, 2008. Reebok Earning. Accessible at http://www.reebok.com/useng/ir/press/2005/Q1_2005_Earnings.htm Accessed on March21, 2008.

Statutory provisions Unfair dismissal - Free Essay Example

To what extent do the statutory provisions governing unfair dismissal provide an effective right not to be unfairly dismissed? When looking at the statutory provisions that are aimed at preventing unfair dismissal it is necessary to firstly define what would be classed as unfair dismissal and then to examine the various statutes and regulations that have been implemented to try to prevent employers from unfairly dismissing an employee. Having established all of these it is then possible to examine the effectiveness of the provisions and reach a conclusion as to how effective these are. Unfair dismissal occurs where the employer dismisses an employee without good reason. An unfair dismissal can be automatically unfair. Such a dismissal is deemed to have occurred where the employer has not followed a proper dismissal procedure before dismissing the employee[1]. An automatic unfair dismissal can occur where an employee is dismissed because she is pregnant[2], the employee was attempting to enforce a right under law or an employee was taking action against the company on a health and safety issue. Where an automatic unfair dismissal occurs for one of the reasons listed above the requirement that the employee must have been employed for a last a year does not apply. In cases where the employee has refused to work on a Sunday or was taking action in trade union activities or was dismissed for blowing the whistle on another employee the year rule has often been overlooked. A dismissal will also be automatically unfair if it is as a result of the business that the employee has worked for being taken over by a new owner, although this would still require the employee to have worked for the employer for at least a year. Similarly dismissing an employee for failing to declare a spent conviction would be automatically unfair and an action could be brought by the employee for such a dismissal. If an employee can show that their dismissal was connected to their race, gender, or some form of disability then a claim for unfair dismissal is likely to succeed. These categories of employees are protected by various Acts designed to protect them from being treated unfairly in the workplace. The introduction of such anti-discrimination legislation[3] and the culture of challenging any dismissal that might be potentially unfair have produced an abundance of case law on unfair dismissal[4]. The recent changes in employment law have attempted to prevent unfair dismissal by placing statutory requirements on an employer before he can dismiss someone. Previous legislation used to regard the employee more as a servant to the employer than a cont ributing member of the workforce[5]. Over the years employment law has looked at protecting the rights of employees and attempted to ensure equal treatment for all employees on every issue including working hours, working conditions and equal pay[6]. Membership of the European Union has impacted on the areas of working hours[7] and equal pay between the sexes. Where an employee has been treated unfairly in theses areas actions have frequently been brought before the European Court for Human Rights. Many of these actions have been on the grounds of sex discrimination, disability discrimination or race discrimination. As well as anti-discriminatory legislation assisting employees from being unfairly dismissed there are also many other statutory provisions now in place designed to protect an employee from unfair dismissal. Under the Employment Rights Act 1996 section 94 and employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed[8]. Where an employer does decide to dismiss an employee a duty is placed on the employer under section 98 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 to prove that the dismissal was fair[9]. Potentially fair reasons for dismissal include the capability[10] of the person to be able to do the job or their qualification for that role. A dismissal can also be potentially fair if the employee is dismissed for behaving in an inappropriate manner[11], as a result of redundancy[12], the employee is involved is some form of legal process such as a driver who loses his right to drive through some form of proceedings against him or any other substantial reason for the dismissal[13].Although these are potentially fair reasons for dismissal they can give rise for a claim for unfair dismissal if the employer fails to take the proper steps before dismissing them. Where an employer proposes to dismiss an employee on the grounds of capability[14] or qualifications the employer has a duty to consult with the employee and any line manager or supervisor responsi ble for that employee[15]. The employee would have to be given every opportunity to reach the required standard[16]. Before moving to a dismissal an employer should ensure that the employee has been offered any suitable training that might assist the employee in reaching the standard[17]. If an employee makes a specific request for training in a particular aspect of their role and the employer does not provide this training a claim for unfair dismissal might be able to be brought against the employer[18]. When dealing with dismissals for inappropriate behaviour an employer is under a duty to follow the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disciplinary procedure to ensure that all efforts have been made to curb the behaviour of the employee[19]. When an employee commences work with a new employer they should be supplied with an employment contract. This contract should give an outline of what would be considered inappropriate behaviour[20]. Within the contract should be information regardin g the company policy in dealing with such issues. Where an employer proposes on dismissing an employee for inappropriate behaviour they should remind the employee of the company policy and explain how the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour has breached this policy. An opportunity should be given to the employee to alter their behaviour and to attain the standard required by the company. If after being given the opportunity to amend their behaviour the employee still continues to behave in the same manner an employer would be able to dismiss the employee and would be unlikely to bring an action for unfair dismissal[21]. Dismissal as a result of redundancy can cause problems on the basis of selection for redundancy. To try to avoid a claim for unfair dismissal an employer should explore all the other options available to them including the possibility of the redeployment of the employee in an alternative role[22]. To make redundancies there has to be good sound business reaso ns to remove the post that the employee has been engaged in[23]. When selecting employees for redundancy an employer should ensure that the selection has been handled fairly[24]. Claims for unfair dismissal might arise if the company dismissed a female employee in preference to a male employee because they preferred to have a man in that role. Actions for unfair dismissal in these instances would centre on sex discrimination. Similar actions could occur using the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 if an able bodied employee is chosen over a disabled employee[25]. A further area in which unfair dismissal might be claimed is if the employer dismisses the employee as a result of criminal charges being brought against the employee[26]. Employers should bear in mind that someone charged with an offence might not necessarily be found guilty of the charges against them and a dismissal before the outcome of the case is known could give rise to a claim for unfair dismissal. On some occasi ons employers have suspended the employees from work when they have been made aware that criminal charges have been brought against an employee[27]. The effect of such a suspension could impact on the case against the employee as a jury might be influenced by the actions of the employer in assuming the guilt of the employee. The suspension might suggest to a jury that the employer believes the employee to be guilty. Such a dismissal before a trial is likely to give rise to a claim for unfair dismissal as the employer would appear to be making an assumption of guilt before the employee has been to court. Where the offence involves a driving offence and the employee was employed as a driver the employer might be left with no alternative but to dismiss the employee as they can no longer carry out the job they were employed to do[28]. In such circumstances an employer should attempt to redeploy the employee elsewhere within the company until they are entitled to drive again before co nsidering terminating their employment. If no such alternative work is available then the employer would be justified in terminating the employment and it is unlikely that any claim for unfair dismissal would succeed as the employee has effectively made himself unemployable by getting a banned from driving. The Employment Act 2002 has brought in a number of amendments to the ways in which an employer should proceed before they dismiss an employee. Schedule II of the Act lists two ways in which an employer can proceed towards dismissal. In Chapter 1 of the Schedule the standard dismissal procedure is divided into three stages that an employer should comply with before dismissing an employee. This has been defined as the Dismissal and disciplinary procedure[29]. In the first stage 1(1) the employer must set out in writing the employees alleged conduct or characteristics, or other circumstances, which lead him to contemplate dismissing or taking disciplinary action against the em ployee and (2) must send the statement or a copy of it to the employee and invite the employee to attend a meeting to discuss the matter. The second stage of the process is the meeting. A meeting should take place before any disciplinary action is taken unless the employee is to be suspended from work. The meeting should only take place if the employee has 2 (2) (a) been informed what the basis was for including in the statement under paragraph 1(1) the ground or grounds given in it, and (b) the employee has had a reasonable opportunity to consider his response to that information. Having been given the appropriate notice and grounds for the dismissal (3) the employee must take all reasonable steps to attend the meeting[30]. Directly after the meeting the employee should be notified of the decision made by the employer. At this point the employee must be informed of his right to appeal if he disagrees with the decision[31]. Where the employee does disagree with the decision an appeal should be lodged by the employee[32]. The employee has a duty to notify his employer of his intention to appeal and another meeting must be arranged between the employee and the employer[33]. Employees have a duty to ensure they take all the necessary steps to attend the meeting[34]. At this stage an employer can dismiss or suspend the employee before the second meeting occurs[35]. As with the first meeting the employee must be informed of the employersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decision immediately after the meeting is concluded[36]. The second way in which a dismissal can operate is under a modified procedure as outlined in Schedule II. Under the modified procedure the employer has dismissed the employee before the meeting takes place. The employer has a duty to outline the reason for the dismissal to the employee and advise them of their right to appeal that decision. If an employee chooses to appeal then a meeting will be held with the employer giving the emplo yee his decision at the end of the meeting. Section 30 of the Dispute Resolutions is concerned with contracts of employment. This section of the Act requires both the employee and the employer to comply with the procedures for dismissal where such statutory requirements are necessary. Under this regulation employers have a duty to issue in writing the reasons why they are considering terminating the employment[37] and invite the employee to either attend a meeting to discuss this before the dismissal is enacted or inform the employee of the right to appeal and then hold a meeting if the employee wishes to appeal. If there is no statutory requirement to follow such procedures then the employee would not be able to enforce the procedure[38]. Situations such as this could arise where the company operates a policy of issuing two verbal warnings followed by one written warning before the employee can be dismissed. The employer can avoid the verbal and written warning stage if the c onduct of the employee is such that instant dismissal is warranted. There is no statutory requirement to issue such warnings despite this sometimes being incorporated into a contract of employment. A failure to give such warnings would not allow an employee to assert his rights under the contract[39]. The disciplinary procedures listed above where introduced by the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolutions) Regulations 2004. The aim of these Regulations was to reduce the number of dismissals where there might have been alternative ways to avoid such dismissals. The Dispute Regulations added amendments to the Employment Act 2002 making it a direct requirement that all employers must have a disciplinary procedure in place that meets the requirements as laid down by the Regulations[40]. These Regulations are applicable to all employers regardless of the size the company is and can be applied even if the company only has one employee[41]. The procedures listed under section 3 of th e Dispute Resolutions Regulations have to be adhered to before an employee can be dismissed. Where an employee feels they have been unfairly dismissed the Regulations provide the employee with guidance on brining a grievance procedure against their employer under section 6 of the Regulations[42]. In situations where the employer is proposing on taking an action which if carried out could allow the employee to bring a complaint in an employment tribunal the standard grievance procedure is applicable[43]. A modified grievance procedure is applied if the employee has already been dismissed. The employer is able to avoid the requirements of the Dismissal and disciplinary procedure under certain circumstances these being that they reasonably believe that doing so would result in a significant threat to themselves, any other person[44], or their or any other personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property, they have been subjected to harassment[45] and reasonably believe that doing so would result in further harassment[46], because it is not practicable within a reasonable period, they dismiss a group of employees but offer to re-engage them on or before termination of their employment[47], there are collective redundancies and they consult with employee representatives[48], the business closes down suddenly because of an unforeseen event or the employee is no longer able to work because they are in breach of legal requirements[49]. The times when an employer can avoid having to adhere to the disciplinary and dismissal procedures are listed in section 11 of the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolutions) Regulations 2004. It is obvious that the areas highlighted above where the dismissal and disciplinary procedure can be circumvented should be treated in this manner. It would be unconscionable to expect an employer to have to allow an employee to continue in their employment when there could be a significant threat to themselves or others[50] or where they have been subjecte d to harassment by the employee[51]. It is also obvious that where the company is closing down that redundancy will be inevitable and it would be impossible to avoid making employees redundant. Other areas of legislation designed to protect employees for unfair dismissal include the Employment Rights Act 1996. This Act specifically deals with employment contracts[52] and requires employers to give new employees a written statement[53] concerning the particulars of their employment[54]. The written statements should include the names of both the employee and the employer, the date when the employment began and the date when the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s continuous employment began taking into account any past employment with a previous employer that might count towards continuous service. The statement should also outline the rate of pay of the employee, the contractual hours the frequency of pay, entitlement to holidays, sick pay, maternity leave and pension schemes and the per iod of notice the employee is required to give when leaving that employment[55]. A brief description of the specifications of the role should be included so that the employee knows the tasks they are expected to perform. Employers could find this part of the contract useful if they need to dismiss an employee for being incapable of performing the duties they are required to do. They could also use this part of the contract if the employees work is not up to standard or if they are refusing to do a particular task by relying on the contract they could prove that the employee was aware of the standard required and the role requirements from the start of their employment[56]. The disciplinary procedures should also be contained within the written statement or should refer them to specific documents that specify such rules. Such documents have to be easily accessible so that an employee knows of their rights should disciplinary action be commenced against them[57]. Where an emp loyee has been dismissed or is about to be dismissed they have a right to bring grievance procedures. The grievance procedure that has been established as a result of the Regulations has meant that it is now more difficult for an employer to be able to dismiss an employee. Those wishing to bring a grievance are under a duty to bring an action without delay. The meeting to discuss the grievance must be arranged at a reasonable time and suitable location for all parties. At the meeting both parties must be allowed to explain their case. If the employee is bringing an appeal against an earlier decision then the meeting should be chaired by a more senior manager then previously if at all possible. Employees can choose to be accompanied at the meeting or any subsequent appeal. The meeting should accommodate the needs of the employee so that they are not disadvantaged. This is particularly relevant where the employee is disabled[58]. The Regulations do allow a delay on some occasion s in particular where a grievance action cannot be brought swiftly due to illness, incapacity or the cessation of the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. Neither party will be held to be at fault if one of the above applies. A meeting must be rearranged if the employer, employee or employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s companion[59] cannot attend a meeting for a reason that was not reasonably foreseeable at the time the meeting was arranged. Occasions where this might arise could be if one of the parties becomes ill or their car breaks down on the way to the meeting. If the failure to attend the meeting is for a reason that is reasonably foreseeable then neither party will be under any further statutory obligation to arrange a further meeting. Any compensation awarded by a tribunal could be affected by the failure of the party to attend the meeting. If the employee fails to attend the compensation could be reduced whereas if the employer fails to attend the compensation could be increase d. Where the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s companion cannot attend the employee must propose an alternative date within five days[60]. If this is acceptable to the employer then he should invite all parties to attend on the new date. An employer is obliged to rearrange a meeting once. If the meeting falls through a second time then neither party is under a statutory obligation to rearrange for a further meeting, even if the reason for the non-attendance at the second meeting is unforeseeable. The Regulations have also impacted on being able to extend time limits for the bringing of tribunal proceedings[61]. The Regulations allow for such an extension: If an employee attempts to present a tribunal application arising from a grievance within the normal time limit for doing so under the relevant jurisdiction, but he/she has not written the step one letter[62] under the procedure and allowed twenty-eight days, the tribunal will decline to register the application as the relevant admissibility conditions will not have been met. This will however trigger an automatic three month extension[63] of the time limit from the date it would otherwise have expired. In this event the claimant must send a step one letter by no later than 28 days after the date when the normal time limit would have expired. If he/she does so there will be an opportunity to present a valid tribunal claim under the jurisdiction in question within the extended time limit. If not, however, he/she will be barred from doing so. The Regulations also allow for penalties to be imposed against those who do not follow the grievance procedures. S31 allows a tribunal to increase or decrease compensation by ten percent for failing to comply with the statutory procedures. To try to assist with disputes in the workplace some companies have developed their own dispute resolution procedures between the employers and the trade unions. These schemes allow an employee to bring a grievance through an in formal route rather than through statutory procedures. Where these schemes operate the courts can infer that the statutory procedure has been followed. By treating this action as though the statutory procedure has been followed employers are prevented from dismissing an employer and then asserting that the employee filed to follow the statutory procedure for bringing a grievance. The effect of disputes being resolved in the workplace rather than in a tribunal can be quite immense in financial terms. Tribunals tend to be costly and in a sense there are no winners in a tribunal. A dismissed employee might be awarded compensation but re-instatement might not be ordered or might not be appropriate. In these cases the employee may be significantly worse off financially as they would only have the compensation money and no regular income from employment. When trying to gain alternative employment the employee might face difficulty as the prospective employer is likely to be aware of th e tribunal proceedings brought against the previous employer and be reluctant to employ the person for that reason. For the employer who loses at the tribunal the loss is mostly monetary, though the publicity that is attracted during the hearing could also impact on the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. This might particularly be the case if the complaint by the employee is one of sexual discrimination or disability discrimination. Such an employer could become the target of others who wish to exploit the fact that the employer has already lost one case on these grounds It could be argued that the introduction of the Regulations has reduced the number of dismissals as employers are now faced with increased likelihood of unfair dismissal claims being brought against them should they fail to follow the correct disciplinary procedure before dismissing an employee. Employers should make themselves aware of the required procedure in order to avoid such claims. The advantages to the changes that have been brought about by the Regulation are that employers are now under a duty to ensure that they have followed the disciplinary procedure before they can dismiss an employee, claims for unfair dismissal can be avoided if the correct procedure is followed before the dismissal is ordered, and grievances can be aired in the workplace rather than before a tribunal which could prevent the employee from being dismissed. It would appear that the regulations and Acts now in force are designed more to protect the rights of employer than for the protection of employers rights. The contract of employment would appear to offer protection from dismissal to employees but is counterbalanced by requiring the employees to work to specific standards and to perform certain tasks that their role dictates. The general trend of more and more cases of unfair dismissal being brought in industrial tribunals would seem to suggest that employers are failing to heed the requirements t hat statute and employment contracts place on them. A substantial amount of claims for unfair dismissal still revolve around sex discrimination or disability discrimination which would seem to be an indicator that employers have not take on board fully the impact of the legislation in these areas. In order to reduce the amount of unfair dismissal hearings employers are going to need to exercise even greater care to ensure full compliance with disciplinary procedures. If they adhered more closely to these procedures then the issue of gender or disability often raised would be diluted and there would be fewer matters raised before a tribunal The use of dispute resolutions in the workplace is likely to limit the damage for both the employer and the employee. The employee is more likely to be able to remain in their employment. For the employer, once they have followed the correct procedure they are less likely to face a claim for unfair dismissal if the employee fails to improve in their performance at work or to modify their behaviour where such a compliant has been made against them. As more companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and employers become aware of the requirements it is likely that in the future there will be fewer cases of unfair dismissal and less people being dismissed unnecessarily. The Regulations in a sense have made it compulsory for employers to seek alternatives to dismissal, whilst still allowing instant dismissal where the behaviour if the employee is such that continued employment would be untenable as discussed above. The conclusion that can be drawn from the above is that the Regulations have impacted on the rates of dismissals of employees and have afforded them a greater degree of protection from unfair dismissal. From the employers standpoint dismissal of an employee has become more difficult and they now have to account for their reasons for dismissing someone. Employers are also under greater pressure now to ensure that employees fac ing dismissal are given the opportunity to improve their quality of work or amend their behaviour before they can move towards dismissing them. Bibliography Berry, A, Dealing with your Dismissal in One Week, 2000, Hodder Stoughton Inns of Court Law School, Employment Law in Practice, 7th Ed, 2006, Oxford University Press Painter, R Holmes, A, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, 2006, Oxford University Press Rich, M, Edwards, I, Mead, H, Meadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Unfair Dismissal, 1994, Sweet and Maxwell Employment Law Journal 2006, vol 73(Sep), 9-11 https://www.lawontheweb.co.uk https://www.journalonline.co.uk Table of Cases Ask Security Ltd v Foote Anor [2006] UKEAT 0433 Avid Technology Europe Ltd v Breedon [2006] UKEAT 0254_ British Airways Plc v Employment Appeal Tribunal Decision [2000] ScotCS 309; Bankhead v Directorate of Naval Reserves Ors (Unfair Dismissal/Disability Discrimination) [2003] NIIT 1142 03 Codemasters Software Co Lt d v Wong 2006 WL 3835216 Cooper v West Yorkshire Police Anor [2006] UKEAT 0035 Devlin v Royal Mail [2004] NIIT 2550 Draper v. Mears Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0174 Edem v Egg Plc Anor [2006] UKEAT 0573 European Working Time Directive No 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993 Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2006] UKEAT 0705 Fernandez v. The Office of The Parliamentary Commissioner For Administration Anor [2006] UKEAT 0180 Fraser v Hlmad Ltd. [2006] EWCA Civ 738 (15 June 2006) Glasgow City Council v. Deans Ors [2006] UKEAT 0061 Glasgow School of Art v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0011 GMB Trade Union Ors v Hughes Anor [2006] UKEAT 0288 Greenhoff v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council [2006] UKEAT 0093 Hamling v Coxlease School Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0181 Hospitality Training Foundation v Philip [1998] UKEAT 288 Johnson Matthey Plc v Watters [2006] UKEAT 0236 Kelly-Madden v. Manor Surgery [2006] UKEAT 0105 Kennaugh v David Lloyd-Jones (t/a Cheshire Tree Sur geons) [2006] UKEAT 0032 Lake v British Transport Police [2006] UKEAT 0154 Landeshaupstadt Kiel v Norbert Jaeger Case C-151/02 Lewald-Jezierska v Solicitors in Law Ltd Ors [2006] UKEAT 0165 Lewisham Social Services Anor v Jackson [2006] UKEAT 0331 Lipscombe v Forestry Commission [2006] UKEAT 0191 London Borough of Barnet v Ferguson [2006] UKEAT 0220 London Borough of Hounslow v Klusova [2006] UKEAT 0325 London Borough of Lambeth Ors v Corlett [2006] UKEAT 0396 Marlborough Hotel v Meiris [2006] UKEAT 0256 Masterfoods (A Division of Mars UK Ltd) v Wilson [2006] UKEAT 0202 McClements v Royal Mail [2006] NIIT 1555 Metrobus Ltd v Cook 2007 WL 504769 Nenji v Birmingham Childrens Hospital NHS Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 1108 (29 June 2001) ODonoghue v Redcar Cleveland Borough Council [2001] EWCA Civ 701 (15 May 2001) Patel v Leicester City Council 2006 WL 3877634 Pugh v National Assembly for Wales [2006] UKEAT 0251 Quigley v. University o f St Andrews [2006] UKEAT 0025 Royal Bank of Scotland Plc v Theobald 2007 WL 261205 Sanmina SCI UK Ltd v. McCormack Ors [2006] UKEAT 0066 Scottish Shellfish Marketing Group Ltd v. Connelly [2006] UKEAT 0008 Sidhu v. Superdrug Stores Plc [2006] UKEAT 0244 Sindicato de MÃÆ' ©dicos de Asistencia PÃÆ' ºblica v. Conselleria de Sanidad y Consumo de la Generalidad Valenciana,, Case C-303/98 Singh (t/a Rainbow International) v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0183 The National Union of Teachers v. L Watson [2006] UKEAT 0204 Wandsworth NHS Primary Care Trust v. Obonyo [2006] UKEAT 0237 Weir Anor (The Firm of Brae Cottage Residential Home) v. Stewart [2006] UKEAT 0005 West Coast Trains Ltd v Murphy [2006] UKEAT 0064 X v Y [2004] EWCA Civ 662 (28 May 2004) Table of Statutes Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Employment Act 2002 Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolutions) Regulations 2004 Employment Rights Act 1996 Equal Pay Act 1970 Factory Acts 1833 Master and Servant Act 1932 Race Relations Act 1976 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 1 Footnotes [1] Lewisham Social Services Anor v Jackson [2006] UKEAT 0331 [2] The National Union of Teachers v. L Watson [2006] UKEAT 0204; Lake v British Transport Police [2006] UKEAT 0154 [3] Sex Discrimination Act 1975; Disability Discrimination Act 1995; Race Relations Act 1976 [4] ODonoghue v Redcar Cleveland Borough Council [2001] EWCA Civ 701 (15 May 2001); British Airways Plc v Employment Appeal Tribunal Decision [2000] ScotCS 309; Bankhead v Directorate of Naval Reserves Ors (Unfair Dismissal/Disability Discrimination) [2003] NIIT 1142 03; Edem v Egg Plc Anor [2006] UKEAT 0573 [5] Factory Acts 1833; Master and Servant Act 1932 [6] Equal Pay Act 1970 [7] European Working Time Directive No 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993; Sindicato de MÃÆ' ©dicos de Asistencia PÃÆ' ºblica v. Conselleria de Sanidad y Consumo de la Generalidad Valenciana,, Case C-303/98; Landeshaupstadt Kiel v Norbert Jaeger Case C-151/02 [8] Lewisham Social Services Anor v Jackson [2006] UKE AT 0331 [9] Kelly-Madden v. Manor Surgery [2006] UKEAT 0105 [10] London Borough of Barnet v Ferguson [2006] UKEAT 0220 [11] Johnson Matthey Plc v Watters [2006] UKEAT 0236 [12] Ask Security Ltd v Foote Anor [2006] UKEAT 0433 [13] Avid Technology Europe Ltd v Breedon [2006] UKEAT 0254_ [14] Patel v Leicester City Council 2006 WL 3877634 [15] Scottish Shellfish Marketing Group Ltd v. Connelly [2006] UKEAT 0008 [16] Devlin v Royal Mail [2004] NIIT 2550 [17] Nenji v Birmingham Childrens Hospital NHS Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 1108 (29 June 2001) [18] Hospitality Training Foundation v Philip [1998] UKEAT 288 [19] Sidhu v. Superdrug Stores Plc [2006] UKEAT 0244 [20] Employment Rights Act 1996 s3 [21] Sidhu v. Superdrug Stores Plc [2006] UKEAT 0244 [22] Glasgow School of Art v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0011 [23] Glasgow City Council v. Deans Ors [2006] UKEAT 0061 [24] Cooper v West Yorkshire Police Anor [2006] UKEAT 0035 [25] Hamling v Coxlease S chool Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0181; Greenhoff v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council [2006] UKEAT 0093 [26] X v Y [2004] EWCA Civ 662 (28 May 2004) [27] McClements v Royal Mail [2006] NIIT 1555 [28] Draper v. Mears Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0174 [29] Weir Anor (The Firm of Brae Cottage Residential Home) v. Stewart [2006] UKEAT 0005 [30] Marlborough Hotel v Meiris [2006] UKEAT 0256 [31] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 2(4) [32] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (1) [33] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (2) [34] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (3) [35] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (4) [36] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (5) [37] Masterfoods (A Division of Mars UK Ltd) v Wilson [2006] UKEAT 0202 [38] Employment Act 2002 s30 (2) [39] Fraser v Hlmad Ltd. [2006] EWCA Civ 738 (15 June 2006) [40] London Borough of Lambeth Ors v Corlett [2006] UKEAT 0396 [41] Singh (t/a Rainbow International) v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0183 [42] Lipscombe v Forestry Commission [2006] UKEAT 0191 [43] Pugh v National Assembly for Wales [2006] UKEAT 0251 [44] Quigley v. University of St Andrews [2006] UKEAT 0025 [45] Wandsworth NHS Primary Care Trust v. Obonyo [2006] UKEAT 0237 [46] Fernandez v. The Office of The Parliamentary Commissioner For Administration Anor [2006] UKEAT 0180; Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2006] UKEAT 0705 [47] Glasgow School of Art v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0011 [48] Sanmina SCI UK Ltd v. McCormack Ors [2006] UKEAT 0066 [49] London Borough of Hounslow v Klusova [2006] UKEAT 0325 [50] West Coast Trains Ltd v Murphy [2006] UKEAT 0064 [51] Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2006] UKEAT 0705 [52] GMB Trade Union Ors v Hughes Anor [2006] UKEAT 0288 [53] Lewald-Jezierska v Solicitors in Law Ltd Ors [2006] UKEAT 0165 [54] Kennaugh v David Lloyd-Jones (t/a Cheshire Tree Surgeons) [2006] UKEAT 0032 [55] Employment Rights Act 1996 s1 [56] Employment Rights A ct 1996 s1 (4) (f) [57] Employment Rights Act 1996 s3 [58] Disability Discrimination Act 1995 s6 [59] Employment Rights Act 1999 s10 [60] Employment Rights Act 1999 s10 [61] Royal Bank of Scotland Plc v Theobald 2007 WL 261205 [62] Metrobus Ltd v Cook 2007 WL 504769 [63] Codemasters Software Co Ltd v Wong 2006 WL 3835216

Effects of the French Revolution - Free Essay Example

The French Revolution was one of the most significant, radical revolutions of all time. Before the revolution, France was broken up into three social classes. The First estate was the clergy, the Second Estate was the nobility, and the Third Estate was everyone else(Bourgeoise, peasants, small business owners, doctors, lawyers, and more). The First and Second Estates combined made up roughly three percent of Frances population, but paid little to no taxes. The Third Estate made up the remaining ninety-seven percent of the population and paid the majority of the taxes (The French Revolution 1). This tax inequality help to ignite the beginning of the French Revolution. The combination of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinettes spending issues, and the famine in France was not good for the country. France was in great debt, and her people were starving. A French citizens writing was uncovered and it explains the hardships of the times, I have seen eighty, ninety, a hundred pieces of cotton or woollen stuff cut up, and completely destroyed. I have witnessed similar scenes every week for a number of years. I have seen manufactured goods confiscated; heavy fines laid on the manufacturers;(Roland 1). Eventually, with some help, the French people were able to overthrow the monarchy, although there was not much of an immediate im provement. France had come to the point where citizens could not speak up for what they believed in without being guillotined. There did not seem to be much hope for France until Napoleon Bonaparte stepped in as emperor, and although France conquered many lands under his rule, he was eventually defeated, and France was once again a monarchy. The September Massacres in France had a great impact on England. Prisoners that were held in the Bastille were being executed due to paranoia in the French citizens caused by Jean-Paul Marats writings. Based on only suspicion of royalist armies attacking Paris, hundreds of men died, some of which were English. On the first page of The London Times, the article discusses the importance of the public understanding the situation. As the affairs of France very naturally engross the whole of the public attention, we have made it our business to collect the occurrences that have happened with as much precision as circumstances would admit. In the history of mankind, we have no precedent of of such wanton and disgraceful excesses.(Liu 1). It was not only the September Massacres that impacted England, France had a lasting effect on the English lifestyle. Emigrants from France began to settle in England, changing the character of society where they settled. Art, literature, poems, and music w ere deeply influenced by the terror and violence of the French Revolution(Norman 1-9). Spain was one of the many countries influenced by France, or more specifically in this scenario, Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon was determined to conquer all of Europe and even more if it was possible. He had already taken a good chunk of Europe when he took Spain as well. After Napoleon took Spain, he sent his brother, Joseph to rule in his place. Joseph ruled under the orders of his brother, and was considered a puppet ruler. In Napoleons private letters to Joseph, he told him where to position his military, what laws he should pass, who he could and could not trust, who he should promote, and how to run his country(Napoleon I 320). The Spanish people were less than thrilled that their king had been replaced by the French. Certain areas of Spain continued their loyalty to Ferdinand VII, and decided to align with Britain to defeat Napoleon. The Spanish people fought extremely hard to put their true king back on the throne, and in 1814 when Napoleon was finally defeated, King Ferdinand VII, the rightful king of spain was returned to his throne. Napoleon attempted to seize power in many European countries. He replaced monarchs left and right and placed his family members as rulers. Napoleon tried to justify his actions by offering the old monarchs positions in court, but thy refused them. Napoleon was quoted saying, they didnt want them. I offered them posts from the administration; they turned them down. But I opened my antechambers to them, and they came running in.(Herold 143). Throughout the revolution, France had significant impacts on other countries in Europe. French armies invaded and reformed some parts of Europe but not others,(Robinson, et. al. 2). Western Europe seemed the most impacted by French invasions. European countries such as Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Austria, Spain, Prussia, and Italy were all affected by the French Revolution. France also had a large impact on North and Latin America. England was one of the few countries that Napoleon did not seize, though they were forced to spend millions to k eep him out. England was able to convince Austria, Prussia, and Russia to join in their efforts to defeat Napoleon. Napoleon attempted to offer peace to England, but they would not accept unless there was a balance of powers throughout Europe(Herold 241). The French Revolution relates to the global context globalization and sustainability. The entire revolution was based off of inequalities and peoples rights. Throughout the revolution, France dealt with famine, economic issues, unfit rulers, and because of all this, France became stronger as a country. France was eventually able to sustain itself while controlling other nations. France achieved globalization by influencing countries everywhere, and human life was changed forever by the French Revolution. Works Cited British Newspaper Coverage of the French Revolution: the September Massacres. Translated by Alan Liu, 2 Feb. 2000. Web. 11 Dec. 2018.(P) Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution.Web. 4 Dec. 2018.(S) How Did the French Revolution Affect England? National Trust. Web. 12 Dec. 2018.(S) Internet History Sourcebooks-Sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Web. 4 Dec. 2018.(P) The French Revolution A Brief Outline Florida Gulf Coast Web. 7 Dec. 2018(S) Horizon, Magazine. The Horizon Book of the Age of Napoleon. American Heritage; Book Trade Distribution by Harper and Row, 1963. Print.(P) I, Napoleon. The Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon Bonaparte with His Brother Joseph Selected and Translated, with Explanatory Notes, from the Memoires V.1. HathiTrust. Boston :Ginn,c1938. Web. 06 Dec. 2018.(P)

Childhood Trauma And The Personality Disorders Essay

Abstract Trauma affects more than twenty-five percent of children in America every year (NCMHP, 2012). This astounding statistic implies that multitudes of individuals are now dealing with the chronic results that these traumas induce, one reoccurring result being personality disorder. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severity of childhood trauma and the personality disorders that can come from it. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severity of childhood trauma and the personality disorders that can come from it. Findings indicate that if children are exposed to long-term trauma during their developmental stages, they are at a higher risk of a personality disorder; these results can be seen through childhood and brain development of those undergoing sever trauma. Both findings can help answer the overall question of how these two saddening occurrences intertwine and possibly, how to prevent them. 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